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A shock collar or remote training collar is any of a family of training collars also called e-collarsEcollarsor electronic collars that deliver electrical stimulation of varying intensity and duration to the neck of a dog they can also be applied to dissertation training effectiveness places on the dog's body, to achieve various training effects via a radio-controlled electronic device incorporated into a dog collar, dissertation training effectiveness.
Some collar models also include a tone or vibrational setting, as an alternative to or in conjunction with the shock. Dissertation training effectiveness used in the late s to train hunting dogs, early collars were very high powered, dissertation training effectiveness. Many modern versions are capable of delivering very low levels of shock. Shock collars are now readily available and have been used in a range of applications, including behavioral modification, obedience training, and pet containment, dissertation training effectiveness well as military, police and service training.
While similar systems are available for other animals, the most common are the collars designed for domestic dogs. The most common use of shock collars is pet containment systems that are used to keep a dog inside the perimeter of the residence without the construction of a physical barrier, dissertation training effectiveness. This use of shock collars is increasingly popular in areas where local laws or homeowners' associations prohibit the construction of a physical fence.
Available systems include: in-ground installation to preserve the aesthetics of the yard; above ground installation to reinforce an existing barrier that was not sufficient in containing the dog; and wireless systems to allow for indoor use, dissertation training effectiveness. Most pet containment systems work by installing a wire around the perimeter of the yard.
The wire carries no current as opposed to electric fences, which carry a current at high voltage that may be lethal in the event of unauthorized or defective installation or equipment but forms a closed loop with a circuit box that transmits a radio signal to the receiver collar on the dog. Bark control collars are used to curb dissertation training effectiveness or nuisance barking by delivering a shock at the moment the dog begins barking. Bark collars can be activated by microphone or vibration, and some of the most advanced collars use both sound and vibration to eliminate the possibility of extraneous noises activating a response.
Training collars can be activated by a handheld device. Better quality remote trainers have a large variety of levels and functions, can give varying duration of stimulation, better quality stimulation, and have a beep or vibration option useful for getting the dog's attention. Electrical shock is the physiological reaction, sensation, dissertation training effectiveness, or injury caused by electric current passing through the body, dissertation training effectiveness.
It occurs upon contact of a body part with any source of electricity that causes a sufficient current through the skin, muscles, or hair. Commenting in his textbook on training and behaviour, Steven Lindsay wrote about the public perception of the term "shock" and its application in the description of training aids; "At low levels, the term shock is hardly fitting to describe the effects produced by electronic training collars, since there is virtually no effect beyond a pulsing tingling or tickling sensation on the surface of the skin the word shock is loaded with biased connotations, images of convulsive spasms and burns, and implications associated with extreme physical pain, emotional trauma, physiological collapse, and laboratory abuses the stimulus or signal generated by most modern devices is highly controlled and presented to produce a specific set of behavioral and motivational responses to it.
In an article for the trade magazine "Office for veterinary service and food control", Dr. Dieter Klein compared the dissertation training effectiveness of shock collars with other electrical stimulation products; "Modern devices are in a range in which normally no organic damage is dissertation training effectiveness inflicted. The electric properties and performances of the modern low current remote stimulation devices are comparable to the electric stimulation devices used in human medicine.
Organic damage, as a direct impact dissertation training effectiveness the applied current, can be excluded. Electric shock can be characterised in terms of voltage, current, waveform, frequency of waveformpulse rate and duration. Although voltage, current and duration of shock can be used to calculate the amount of energy applied in Joulesthese are not indicators of the intensity of the stimulus or how it may be perceived by the recipient.
Static electric shocks that are experienced dissertation training effectiveness daily life are of the order of 20, to 25, volts, and yet are not painful or physically damaging because they are of very low current. Depending on design, e-collars can be set so that the shock delivered is only mildly uncomfortable.
Variable settings of this kind are essential, so that the e-collar can be adjusted to the level that the dissertation training effectiveness requires, as situations change. E-collars are sometimes referred to as delivering a "static shock"; however, static electricity is direct current and carries little energy order of millijoules.
E-collars make use of alternating current. It is therefore inappropriate to refer to e-collars as delivering a static shock. Consistent stimulation requires good contact between the collar electrodes and the dog's skin.
The collar must be fitted according to the manufacturer's instructions. Local humidity dissertation training effectiveness individual variation in coat density, skin thickness and surface conductivity, also affect the delivery of the stimulation, dissertation training effectiveness.
The waveform, its frequency, the pulse rate, current, voltage and impedance are important determinants of likely response. Individual variations in temperament, pain sensitivity and susceptibility to startle of dogs, means that settings must be carefully adjusted to produce a stimulation that is perceived by the dog as only just aversive enough to stop the dog engaging in the unwanted behavior.
Normally salient stimuli, such as noises, commands and even shocks, may have no effect on a dog that is highly aroused and focused on an activity such as hunting. In revisedthe US Center for Veterinary Medicine CVMa branch of the U. Food and Drug Administration FDAconcurred in regulatory action against a manufacturer of a bark collar, stating "Complaints received, which were later corroborated by our own testing, included severe burns in the collar area and possible personality adjustment injuries to the dogs.
The shocking mechanism was found to be activated not only by barking but dissertation training effectiveness vehicle horns, slamming doors or any other loud noise. CVM concurred in regulatory action against the device since it was deemed to be dangerous to the health of the animal. No regulations exist specifying the performance characteristics or reliability of these devices, so there is considerable variation in shock level and waveform characteristics between manufacturers, and perhaps even between batches of collars from a single manufacturer.
The lack of regulation or standards, dissertation training effectiveness, and the fact that some of the safety features of shock collars are patented by specific manufacturers, [6] means that the safety and operational characteristics of individual products cannot be verified.
The effectiveness of e-collars is highly debated, however it is not one sided. Each side has a wide variety of backers and activists from professors, to activists, and trainers. According to Pat Nolan, who has trained dogs for over thirty years, e-collar training is a key and effective use to train dogs Nolan, According to the methods he describes in his book, regular and fair use is key in e-collar training.
Dissertation training effectiveness details what fair use is, stating that it is key to keep a regular training schedule and set boundaries your pet understands. Nolan, The Wildlife Society article addresses the use of shock collars as a way to prevent sheep from being preyed upon by wild coyotes. According to Phillips, [7] they tested these collars on coyotes for a four-month period and found that the collars stopped thirteen attacks on sheep herds. This also is said to deter future attacks by the tested coyotes.
Collars have also been used on wolves for similar reasons, dissertation training effectiveness. The consensus was while it did have an effect while in use and temporally after it was removed, the study concluded that longer exposure would be needed to have any substantial evidence Hawley, As far as non-lethal alternatives these two sources both concluded that shock collars are the most effective deterrence to predators.
Both groups continued their research and the Wildlife Society has developed a new and improved version that eliminates the risk of neck injury when used on animals that previous versions caused. They have increased battery life and the durability of the unit. They devised a unit that is worn like a back pack for the animal. Previous versions caused excessive rubbing and dissertation training effectiveness as well as being irritating for the animal to the point were they would try to take the harness off.
Christiansen et al. The first, a path test, involved observing the dogs' reactions to a set of novel stimuli rag pulled across the track, dissertation training effectiveness, bundle of cans thrown down, tethered sheep at 5m as it was walked.
The second test involved monitoring the dog's reaction to a free-roaming sheep flock in a field. In this study they identified several factors that predicted a high hunting motivation and attack severity. These were lack of previous opportunity to chase sheep, low fearfulness towards gunshots and unfamiliar people and general interest in sheep when encountering them.
Elkhounds showed more hunting behaviour, more attacks and were more frequently given electric shocks during the tests, dissertation training effectiveness. A shock collar was used to deter attacks on the sheep during the experiments.
Shocks V, 0. The objective was to suppress an attack, but not to damage the hunting ability of the dogs. Despite frequently initiated chases and attacks, few shocks were delivered. This was because few dogs approached closer than 1—2 m, and the intention was to deter proximity to dissertation training effectiveness rather than to associate hunting behaviour with an aversive shock, which would impair future hunting behaviour in other contexts.
The dogs used in the first study were re-tested using the same procedures, to assess long-term impact of the training on their reaction to sheep. Owners reported behavioral differences between year 1 and 2 in 24 of the dogs. However, dissertation training effectiveness, only one of those dogs had received shocks, dissertation training effectiveness, so the change in behaviour could not be attributed to the use of the shock collar.
Dogs that had shown interest in sheep in year 1 showed a persistent interest in year 2. No dogs chased or attacked sheep as their first response, while half of them did so the first year. During the entire test period, dissertation training effectiveness, the proportion of dogs attacking sheep was reduced to almost one fourth. The number of shocks administered per dog was reduced by the second year, and only one of the dogs that received shocks the first year needed shocks also the second year, dissertation training effectiveness.
The observations that both receivers and non-receivers of shocks the first year showed a reduction in the probability of chasing sheep, but the receivers showing a larger reduction, show that shock treatment provides an additional learning response. No adverse effects on the dogs were observed with this training procedure, but in their discussion the authors commented "In order to ensure no negative effects, we recommend that the electronic dissertation training effectiveness collar may be used for such purposes only if it is used by skilled trainers with special competence on dog behaviour, dissertation training effectiveness mechanisms, and of this particular device.
The aim of Salgirli's study was " The quitting signal was a conditioned frustration equivalent to negative punishment. It was conditioned by associating failure to obtain an anticipated food reward with a specific vocal signal. In the test, dogs were walked past a "provocateur" who attempted to taunt the dog into a reaction. If the dog reacted, it was punished, and if it failed to react on subsequent provocations then the punishment was deemed to have had a learning effect. The study is therefore a comparison of negative and positive punishment methods, and not a comparison of punishment with positive reinforcement.
Learning effect was measured by assessing the number of dogs that learned to quit a behaviour after application of the punishing stimulus. Salivary cortisol was monitored to measure the stress levels of the dogs, but this data was not presented in the dissertation; behavioral observation was the sole measure of stress.
Commenting on the quitting signal, the author stated "It should particularly be mentioned, that the quitting signal training was implied only on adult dogs within the frame of this study. Therefore, dissertation training effectiveness, the results should not be interpreted as that the quitting signal can not be a suitable method in police dog training. As previously stated training of the quitting signal requires a hard and a structured procedure.
Thus, if the training, namely the conditioning, begins in puppyhood, the quitting signal can also be an effective method in police dog training". Comparing the effects of the three punishment methods; "These results can probably be explained by that electronic training collar complies completely with the punishment criteria, dissertation training effectiveness, which were defined by TORTORAin case of proof of the proficient and experienced user.
In addition to that, the visibility of the administrator and, thus, of the punishment is another important factor influencing the efficiency of the pinch collar because the dog directly links the punishment with its owner. The quitting signal on the other hand requires criteria, such as good dissertation training effectiveness and structured training procedure, on account of complete conditioning to achieve effective results, dissertation training effectiveness.
Even if these criteria are met, the personality trait of the dog is another factor, which influences the efficiency of the signal. Schalke et al.
The Kirkpatrick Model of Training Evaluation
, time: 9:35Example Dissertation Proposal Defense Power Point Slide
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