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Business - Wikipedia
Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products such as goods and services. Having a business name does not separate the business entity from the owner, which means that the owner of the business is responsible and liable for debts incurred by the business.
If the business acquires debts, the creditors can go after the owner's personal possessions, business law research paper. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business. The term is also often used colloquially but not by lawyers or by public officials to refer to a company. A company, on the other hand, is a separate legal entity and provides for limited liabilityas well as corporate tax rates.
A company structure is more complicated and expensive to set up, but offers more protection and benefits for the owner. Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdictionbut several common entities exist:. Note that "Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC public limited company indicates that its shares are widely held.
In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares formed or incorporated with a share capitalbusiness law research paper, this will be the shareholders. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions, business law research paper.
Examples include " segregated portfolio companies " and restricted purpose companies. There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world. Companies are also sometimes distinguished into public companies and private companies for legal and regulatory purposes. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.
A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company.
The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction. Accounting is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about economic entities [15] [16] such as businesses and corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms.
Finance is a field that deals with the study of money and investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk. that business law research paper 1 has sufficient cash flow for ongoing and upcoming operational expenses, and 2 can service both maturing short-term debt repayments, and scheduled long-term debt payments.
Finance also deals with the long term objective of maximizing the value of the business, while also balancing risk and profitability; this includes the interrelated questions of 1 capital investmentwhich businesses and projects to invest in; 2 capital structuredeciding on the mix of funding to be used; and 3 dividend policywhat to do with "excess" capital. Manufacturing is the production of business law research paper for use or sale using labour and machinestoolschemical and biological processing, or formulation.
The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high techbut is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are business law research paper into finished goods on a large scale. Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as "the activity, business law research paper, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.
Marketing tactics include advertising as well as determining product pricing. With the rise in technology, marketing is further divided into a class called digital marketing. It is marketing products and services using digital technologies. Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or business law research paper innovation. Injuries cost businesses billions of dollars annually. Sales are activity related to selling or the number of goods or services sold in a given time period.
Sales are often integrated with all lines of business and are key to a companies' success. The efficient and effective operation of a businessand study of this subject, is called management. The major branches of management are financial managementmarketing management, human resource managementstrategic managementproduction managementoperations managementservice managementand information technology management.
Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for business law research paper. Whether they are owners or employees, managers administer three primary components of the business' value: financial resources, capital tangible resourcesbusiness law research paper, and human resources.
These resources are administered in at least six functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resources. In recent decades, states modeled some of their assets and enterprises after business business law research paper. Business process management BPM is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients.
BPM attempts to improve processes continuously. It can, therefore, be described as a "process optimization process". It is argued that BPM enables organizations to business law research paper more efficient, effective and capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach.
Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of commercial law for each type. Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership either formed with or without limited liability.
Most legal jurisdictions allow business law research paper to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholderslimited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person".
This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed. Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership.
The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, business law research paper, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.
A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietorwhether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity. Depending on the business needs, an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable. A very detailed and well-established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions.
The need to regulate trade and commerce and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts. The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about BC for example and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to shipping costs and dealings between merchants business law research paper brokers. In many countries, it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source, business law research paper. Laws can govern the treatment of labour and employee relations, business law research paper, worker protection and safetydiscrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation, business law research paper, and the minimum wage, business law research paper, as well as unionsworker compensation, and working hours and leave.
Some specialized businesses may also require licenses, either due to laws governing entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, business law research paper, that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments. Professions that require special licenses include law, medicine, piloting aircraft, business law research paper, selling liquor, radio broadcasting, selling investment securities, selling used cars, and roofing.
Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business. Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation, for example, public utilitiesinvestment securities, banking, insurance, broadcastingbusiness law research paper, aviationand health care providers.
Environmental regulations are also very complex and can affect many businesses. When businesses need business law research paper raise money called capitalbusiness law research paper, they sometimes offer securities for sale. Capital may be raised through private means, by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange[37] or in other ways.
Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock ExchangeSingapore ExchangeHong Kong Stock ExchangeNew York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ the USAthe London Stock Exchange UKthe Tokyo Stock Exchange Japanand Bombay Stock Exchange India. Most countries with capital markets have at least one. Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance, such as how executive officers' compensation is determined, and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public.
In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission SEC.
Other western nations have business law research paper regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission Business law research paper in China. In Singapore, the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore MASand in Hong Kong, it is the Securities and Futures Commission SFC.
The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law. It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, health-care law, securities law, mergers and acquisitions, tax law, employee benefit plans, business law research paper, food and drug regulation, intellectual property law on copyrights, patents, trademarks, telecommunications law, and financing.
Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet, venture capital, bank loans, and debentures. Businesses often have important " intellectual property " that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable.
This could require patentscopyrightstrademarksor preservation of trade secrets. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, business law research paper, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of business law research paper property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors.
Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee's interactions with stakeholders, and competitors.
A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Organization undertaking commercial, industrial, or professional activity. For other uses, see Business disambiguation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Business" business law research paper news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR August Learn how and when to remove this template message.
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, time: 7:41Monash Business School - Monash Business School
Monash Business School is among the top 1% of business schools in the world. Study full-time, part-time or executive education with Melbourne's leading university Aug 26, · The scope of your research paper should be narrow enough for the length of your paper and the professor’s expectations. Gauge if you will be able to discuss everything you need within the prescribed number of pages or if you can substantially fill in Best research paper topics to write about. Competition seems to grow more and more vigorous among the academics. Students have to try harder to come up topics which could capture the attention and interest of the readers specially the research paper instructor. There are millions of research-based topics from more than a thousand subject
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